Lewis Smith, Environment Reporter
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The only survivors in the wild of an order of reptiles that scampered with dinosaurs could be wiped out because climate change will turn them all into males.
The gender of tuataras, an ancient type of reptile with three eyes, is determined by the temperatures that the embryos are kept at when in the egg. Global warming means that the reptiles, regarded as living fossils, face the threat of dying out in the wild because of a terminal shortage of females.
Only males will be born in nests where the eggs have been kept at temperatures of 22.25C (72.05F) whereas females are guaranteed only at temperatures lower than 22.1C.
Modelling showing the likely impact of climate change on the last remaining homes of tuataras showed that the last female could hatch by 2085 for at least one of the two surviving species.
Tuataras evolved 225 million years ago. The two remaining species cling on to survival in New Zealand and are regarded as among the oddest reptiles. They have a mysterious third eye at the top of their heads, are able to hold their breath for an hour and, despite their cold-blooded nature, are nocturnal.
Until rats and other mammals - introduced by humans - arrived, the reptiles were widespread in New Zealand but they are now found only on a handful of small islands safe from the mainland.
With climate change, average temperatures are expected to rise by up to 4C (7.2F) by 2085, which would be enough to ensure that all the North Brother Island tuataras, Sphenodon guntheri, are hatched male. The other species, the Cook Strait tuatara, S. punctatus, could follow soon afterwards.
The reptiles have coped with climate change in the past but their range is now so limited, being restricted to a few islands, that they are unable to migrate to cooler areas to protect themselves.
Learning to lay eggs in shadier areas or later in the season when the worst of the heat is over are adaptations that would help them to overcome the threat of extinction. Researchers, however, think it unlikely that the animals will change their behaviour.
The findings are published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal SocietyB. Researchers suggest that the tuataras could be saved in their natural habitat if conservationists provided nest sites with artificial shade once the embryos have started to develop.
“Tuatara are ancient animals. Their ancestors were scurrying around the feet of dinosaurs. It would be a great shame to lose them,” Michael Kearney, of the University of Melbourne, said.
Both surviving species of tuatara are from the sphenodontian family that first appeared more than 200 million years ago. They come in several colours, which often change during their lifetime. They can grow more than 2ft (60cm) and can live for more than 100 years.
Tuataras are distinct from lizards. The differences between them include the lack of a penis in the male tuatara. Along their backs they have a crest of spiky scales. The name tuatara comes from a Maori word that means “peaks on back”. The third eye is covered by scales and pigment and its use is unknown, though scientists suspect that it helps the animals to tell the time.
Tuataras live in burrows, often sharing with birds - and eating occasional chicks. They emerge at night to catch any small animal that comes close enough to bite. Worms, wetas (insects) and millipedes form the bulk of the tuatara's diet.
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It s a pity that the two legged, two armed specie known as homo sapien is not on the extinction list. They certainly deserve to be.
Jim Wills, Brisbane, Australia
Though it is true the climate has changed, I think what the armchair palentologists fail to realize is that many spieces have been reduced to narrow colonies and are on the tipping point of extinction largely as a result of man-made influences.
This just might be the last straw for many spieces.
Mike, Hong Kong, China
So, are you telling me that in the millions of years since the Dinosaurs the planets temperature never got above what it is today?
Come off it, more bloody scare mongering.
Anyway, Mother Earth will do exactly what she pleases, when she pleases, & just cos we're here doesnt mean things wont change
Pete, St Albans, England
Nice one Luke from Nottingham. Doesn't anyone else read? Global Warming is an opportunity for stealth taxes - nothing more. I wish more people would read instead of allow themselves to be spoon fed this rubbish. History is history. It gets hot and then it gets cold! then it gets hot again ........
PJ, East Yorkshire,
more baloney from the 'we are all doomed school of climate warming nutters'. The world wa 15 degrees warmer than now when the dinosaurs ruled, so how come this species survived that. Bit then the neither the authors nor us will be around in 2085 to prove it. The end is nigh or thereabouts, whatever!
Andrew Wakeling, London, uk
so now you have few lizards living on small isolated islands instead of all over australia and new zealand , these cant travel and other populations cant spread to the places that are now devoid of them , and thats why you are rubish
Gerben, i wish i knew where iam, Netherlands
If I remember well, these animals were featured in Sir David Attenborough's wonderful series 'Life in Cold blood'. Intervention to save them would make our descendants grateful, some of them at least.
LN, Bristol,
To Robert Slough,
Of course you are right that the reptiles COULD dig deeper to bury its eggs, but according to the research cited in the above article, the species in question are unlikely to modify their behavior, thus they would be unlikely to dig deeper, it seems.
Jarrett Dawson, Albuquerque, United States
This article is absolute rubbish. Do we really believe that the earths average temperature has not fluctuated greatly over the last 225 million years? How many ice ages, followed by periods of warming, have there been in that time period??!
luke, Nottingham, uk
Why didn't they all turn female during the ice age then? This story is nonsense
Mr Howes, London,
Many species ranges are now so limited even natural climate variations will soon wipe them out.
There are other animals with ranges so small they will soon be wiped out by disease.
The only solution is to increase their range:
1. Allot more land to nature preserves.
2. Transport them to new areas.
Keith S, Winnipeg, Canada
To Alan Wilkinson: read science papers, not politically motivated propaganda websites. You might learn something that's actually true!
Dr Richard Milne, Edinburgh,
Peter Applleton
yes they have a third membrame eyelid but also a third eye wich is less developed and in adult specimens\ covered by pigment and scales , they are vissiblein newborns tough
Gerben, i wish i knew where iam, Netherlands
To allow for any increase in temperature, all a reptile has to do is bury its eggs a little deeper into the sand or soil, where the temperature is that little bit more stable.
Robert, Slough,
The Tuatara's don't have three eyes. There is a membrane (nictitating membrane) that gives the eye an extra eyelid.
Peter, Appleton, Cheshire
After reading the news,I was oppressed beyond discription.Those man-made factories resulted in climate change ,are the main culprits .Governments over all world are abliged to pay their attention to combat this problem. To my mind,it would be a very idea for humans to preserve animal diversity.
Rebecca, shi jiazhuang, China
What rubbish. Temperatures will not rise 4 degrees C by 2085, let alone in southern hemisphere NZ surrounded by ocean. Global temperatures have been flat or falling for a decade and current climate models are based on false cloud sensitivity assumptions: http://tinyurl.com/3hxmb7
Alan Wilkinson, Russell, New Zealand