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Delilah is dangerous, Jezebel, wicked, and as for Eve... Whether they are temptresses, harlots or simply Old Testament chattels, women (it is often argued) get a raw deal in Scripture, with the odd saintly exception (the virgin Mary).
But new research into Biblical women shows that the majority receive positive or matter-of-fact write-ups. Words such as "blessed", "righteous" "outstanding" and - of course - "beautiful" crop up in descriptions of 60 of the Bible's 175 female characters, according to research from The Bible Society.
"Some people have the impression that the Bible is very negative about women," says David Ashford, the Society's Media and Development Officer.
Ashford's research, based on analysing the words used to describe Biblical females, found that "there are four times as many saints as there are sinners," and that "individual women are often described in the Bible in glowing terms."
"Wisdom is described as a female attribute in many texts. And some scholars believe that the Song of Deborah, which was probably composed by a woman, is one of the oldest pieces of literature within the Bible (Judges 5)." Jesus, he adds, had a liberated attitude to women, unusual for his era: "John 4.27, for example, shows that Jesus broke social conventions that discouraged conversations with women. Similarly, the gospel of Luke has long been referred to as the 'gospel of women' for its strong positive portrayal of women in the life of Jesus."
Hang on, what about the Jezebels, and Biblical harlots? Where do they fit the narrative? "Only 13 women are described negatively with terms such as 'nagging, intimidating lustful or provocative'" asserts Ashford, whose list of Bible heroines includes Sarah, Ruth and Mary, while Jezebel, Delilah fall into the villain camp.
As for the rest, those women who fall somewhere in between "the sinner" and "the saint" are described in "neutral" matter-of-fact terms - mother of, sister of, neighbour of etc. Those who do not receive both positive and negative descriptions, for example Miriam in the Old Testament who in Exodus is described as "Prophetess" but by the book of Numbers is marked down as a sinner for questioning, along with Aaron, the authority of Moses.
Not everyone will agree with him, Ashford concedes. "The portrayal of women in the Bible is an emotive subject," he writes in the Bible Style Guide, a reference book to the Bible Ashford has produced on behalf of the Bible Society for broadcasters and journalists. "Some feminist scholars take for granted the view that the Bible is essentially a sexist book.
"It was, they point out, written almost entirely by men, for men, using masculine language. These scholars view it as a 'power tool' that has been used down the centuries by mostly male leaders to keep women 'in their place'. For most of Christian history, Biblical interpretation has often been associated with men rather than with women...However, other feminist scholars look at the Bible with different eyes. They maintain that the Bible is made up of many texts and therefore to dismiss it all as sexist is simplistic. As far as they are concerned, when properly considered, the Bible outlines a positive view of women and their relationships with men."
"Of course, there are texts about women in the Bible that can present a problem, but Christians have different views about how to understand them" he concludes.
So is the problem that the portrayal of Biblical females has been misinterpreted? The renowned feminist Bible scholar Dr Phyllis Tribble says that Eve is the classic example of a misunderstood female in Scripture.
"Contrary to tradition, she is not created as the assistant or subordinate of the man. In fact, most often the Hebrew word 'ezer' (which means 'helper') connotes superiority (Ps. 121:2; 124:8; 146:5; Exod. 18:4; Deut. 33:7, 26, 29), thereby posing a rather different problem about this woman," Tribble argues in her essay Feminist Hermeneutics and Biblical Studies.
She continues: "...The accompanying phrase 'fit for' or 'corresponding to' ('a helper corresponding to') tempers the connotation of superiority to specify the mutuality of woman and man. Further, when the serpent talks with the woman (Gen. 3:1-5), he uses plural verb forms, making her the spokesperson for the human couple - hardly the pattern of a patriarchal culture. She discusses theology intelligently…"
"Speaking with clarity and authority" Eve is in fact both "theologian, ethicist, hermeneut and rabbi" and thus defies patriarchal stereotypes and "reverses what Church, synagogue and academy have preached about women."
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A key book on this is 'Jesus and Woman' by Lady Hosie - a superb compilation which will disabuse anyone of the notion that Christ was anything less than radically pro-women.
Dr Robt Mann, Auckland, New Zealand
Only in Christianity do we find equality across ethnic, racial, gender n social classes (Galatians3:28, Colossians3:11, Acts 10:34). Said that, men n women hv different roles due 2 d fact that only women can bear children ! (ex: In a school system all employees r equal but hv different roles according 2 what qualifications they bear...)
carmine cicchiello, adelaide, australia
Christian dogma against women only started in Greece after Christ's death because women were getting more involved with previously patriarchal roles in the running of the church. Acts and the Epistles sings the praised of women, but the leaders abhorred their influence.
Rachel, York,
The Bible, like all religious works, cotradicts itself repeatedly. It is this, not its mixed messages, that make it so unbelievable.
Ben, York,
Anyone with an open mind and an honest search for historical truth will find that 1) Christianity has treated women far better than any other world religion (especially Islam), and 2) Judaism is not far behind. The feminist argument is PC hogwash.
Sam, Acton, Massachusetts, USA
The Israelite culture was patriarchal, therefore men's roles would have been emphasized. However there are strong, good women prtrayed in the Bible as well. What about Deborah, Esther, Mary, Lydia, Elizabeth, Abigail, Sarah, Miriam, Naomi, and the many others?
Lindley, Boone, USA
Hi Johan, Stockholm >>> I have also read Dawkins as well as many others who are offended by Christianity. I have read just under 2000 books in the last 30 years. A colleague of Richard Dawkins' is Stuart McAllister Ph.D. who is a Christian apologist who very effectively answers Dawkins' assertions.
Bruce, Texarkana, USA
Anyone who has ever been open-minded, noticed how Jesus lived his life and treated women, noted the matter-of-fact descriptions of success and failures (of both men and women) will surely have noted and appreciated the equality of both men and women too. It's about time more people noticed.
Ben, Texas, USA
Johan and Colin, you sound like logical fellows.....I challenge you to read the book "Mere Christianity", by CS Lewis.
Cynthia Gee, Shippensburg, PA, USA
How about the story of Sodom and Gomorrah? The townspeople want to rape the angels, so what does kindly old Lot do? Offer up his daughters instead. No, it's *certainly* not sexist at all.
Durandan, BSB,
Bruce,
I have been reading Dawkins! I have also been reading a lot of additional scientific literature as well as fiction since it's part of my interest as well as my job to keep myself well informed and up to date. Maybe you should to? Then we can talk! Until then, good luck with your studies:)
Johan, Stockholm, Sweden
[ The bible is nothing more than a poorly written book. Nothing special and nothing super natural. ]
Wishful thinking. Certainly your personal *opinion* - but one not based on reality, evidence, or historical fact. Sounds like you have been reading too much Richard Dawkins.
Bruce, Texarkana, USA
Misogynistic, Colin? Did you also read the part in Judges 4 where the woman drove a tent peg through the temples of the enemy king's head while he slept when trying to hide her family's tent? If I wrote the Bible and hated women, I wouldn't put that part in there.
Kirsten, Greenville, USA
RE: "[The Bible is] not just sexist but positively misogynistic."
Husbands love your wives as Christ loved the Church, and gave Himself for her." The Apostle Paul, The Bible.
Bruce, Texarkana, USA
Nathan, Cambridge, uk;
Why not, is there a law against it. Just at this moment you are quoting for your own purposes. The bible is nothing more than a poorly written book. Nothing special and nothing super natural. The sad part is when people actually pays any attention to bronze age nonsense.
Johan, Stockholm, Sweden
Colin,
you you can't just misquote the Bible for your own sake!
The story is there as an illustration of how far Israel had fallen... its depravity and NOT some example of good moral behaviour!
Nathan, Cambridge, uk
julie, hull, england;
Doesn't god speak english? Couldn't he just fly by and help out with the translations. I do agree with you Julie, I just wanted to add that religion itself is a system of control. An effective one but nothing more. I you believe there is more, you are controlled.
Johan, Stockholm, Sweden
Question: Would feminists, then, concede, that books written by women for women using feminine language - are sexist?
Bruce, Texarkana, USA
No book and no other religion has elevated the status of women as high as the Bible.
Camille, Chicago, USA
of course we have to remember that the bible wasn't written in english and has been translated, by people who wanted the bible to say what they needed it to say, so they could control the masses.
julie, hull, england
not just sexist but positively misogynistic. For example, in "The Levite and his Concubine" has the "kindly" master of the house in Gib'e-ah offering his daughter and concubine to be raped instead of his male guest. The concubine is raped and killed after which the kindly master dismembers her.
Colin, London, UK
Colin,
I find it fascinating that you comment so much on a topic (I've seen some of your other comments) that you don't even believe in. Is it your own insecurity or do you secretly harbor some mixed emotions on the subject?
Jim , Houston, USA
"New Research"?!?!?!?!
It sounds like someone just actually read the Bible. Imagine that.
John, motown, zimbabwe
I never thought about it before but if you were to similar study on men in the Bible I wonder what you'd conclude -- the narrative is filled with failed and evil men ... does it follow that it is anti male ... perhaps anti-human? No, it simply exposes evil to prove the need for grace!
Andrew Pierce, Carrigallen, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
It's the bible that's the myth...all myth.
colin, kelowna bc, canada
On the discussion of Eve, you neglect St. Paul's commentary on the Temptation narrative (Gen. 3...the only time we hear Eve speak...), which seems to indicate a naivete on her part, leading to the Fall--which is why, Paul argues, men, not women, should lead in Church. (I Tim. 2:11-14)
Ralph Davis, Matthews, USA